H. Zeynep Bulutgil Libri

The book explores the factors influencing the adoption of secular institutions across different countries, emphasizing the importance of the timing of secular ideas and the strength of secular political groups. Through cross-national statistical evidence since 1800 and detailed case studies from Europe and the Middle East/North Africa, it examines the emergence and dissemination of secular concepts, their transformation into political organizations, and the specific conditions that enabled these organizations to successfully establish secular institutions.

Brings together arguments focussing on domestic and international factors to offer a coherent theory of the causes of ethnic cleansing.