Mit der Cavalleria rusticana gewann Pietro Mascagni den 1888 von der Casa Sonzogno ausgeschriebenen Wettbewerb für eine einaktige Oper. Ihm war es gelungen, die um 1880 in Sizilien spielende, dramatische Handlung um Liebe und Ehre innerhalb einer dörflichen Gemeinschaft in packende Musik zu setzen. Das auf Giovanni Vergas Novelle zurückgehende Textbuch stammt von Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti und Guido Menasci. Die Oper, die am 17. Mai 1890 in Rom erfolgreich uraufgeführt wurde, überzeugt in ihrer realistischen Unmittelbarkeit noch heute.
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