The text details out a wide range of magnetic field assisted finishing processes in a comprehensive manner. It will be an ideal reference text for graduate students and professionals in the fields of mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, production engineering, and industrial engineering.
Sami Ahmad Khan Libri
Il Dr. Sami Ahmad Khan è un autore contemporaneo la cui opera approfondisce l'intersezione tra tecnologia e cultura. Le sue narrazioni esplorano spesso temi di identità e cambiamenti sociali, presentati attraverso un'unica lente speculativa. La scrittura di Khan è caratterizzata dal suo ponderato coinvolgimento nelle questioni attuali e dalla sua capacità di creare storie avvincenti e che sfidano i generi. I lettori possono aspettarsi opere che siano sia intellettualmente stimolanti che coinvolgenti.
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defenses in Biology
- 448pagine
- 16 ore di lettura
The ground-state of molecular oxygen, O2, is vital for metabolic processes in all aerobic life forms, including prokaryotes, protists, plants, fungi, and animals. Research has shown that O2 dependence introduces universal toxicity to aerobic life. This paradox arises from the one-electron reduction of O2, leading to the formation of the superoxide anion free radical (O2-), generated by various biological sources such as redox-active autoxidizable molecules, oxidoreductases, and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. Additionally, oxygen can be activated in photosensitizing reactions to produce highly reactive singlet oxygen (1O2). In biological systems, O2- can further reduce to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through the Fenton reaction, leading to the hydroxyl radical (·OH). These forms of activated oxygen constitute reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metabolites (ROM). Both ·OH and 1O2 are extremely reactive, causing damage through the oxidation of proteins, DNA, and lipids, resulting in unstable hydroperoxides. Their breakdown products, such as malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenals, are highly reactive and threaten cellular integrity. This cascade of reactions leads to endogenous oxidative stress, a challenge all aerobic organisms must manage.